Nesse artigo, pretendo demonstrar de que modo podemos presenciar no discurso do Aristófanes do Symposium platônico, algumas piadas estanques próprias à comédia aristofânica e, principalmente, de que maneira a literalização da metáfora, expediente dramático recorrentemente utilizado por Aristófanes, aparece luminosamente dentro do diálogo, cumprindo uma função cuja comicidade foi substituída pela trágica impotência humana frente à superioridade divina.

Ao pesquisar a realidade educacional contemporânea é preciso conceber que os desafios que atingem a práxis pedagógica em sala de aula se apresentam de forma multifacetada e complexa. Pensar a atuação docente se mostra cada vez mais desafiadora e prescinde de problematizações que auxiliem no enfrentamento das dificuldades. Assim, a presente pesquisa trata da temática acerca do diálogo como um princípio ético na prática pedagógica em sala de aula, com ênfase na concepção dos docentes da Escola X. Tratando-se de uma (...) pesquisa de cunho analítico-hermenêutico, é adotada a metodologia da observação participante, realizada om observações diretas, em atividades cotidianas, na escola indicada, nas quais buscou-se evidenciar o conceito de diálogo de Paulo Freire (1981) e de sua função primordial na relação professor/aluno. Assim, o problema de pesquisa localizou-se na seguinte questão: é possível exercer o diálogo como um princípio ético na concepção dos docentes da Escola X? Assim, com justificativa no fomento ao debate acerca de princípios éticos na prática pedagógica, presentes nos escritos de Elli Benincá (2010) que devem ser assumidos pelos docentes em seu fazer diário, pode-se observar que embora desejável na teoria, o diálogo nem sempre é exercido na pratica cotidiana em sala de aula. No entanto, entendemos que sua compreensão conceitual e seu efetivo exercício por parte dos docentes, de forma a preservar princípios éticos, pode propiciar um sentimento de esperança ao crer no diálogo como possibilidade de superar o modelo "bancário" de educação, transformando a sala de aula em um lugar de troca de saberes e de emancipação individual e coletiva. (shrink)

In order to demonstrate the great importance of Philosophy in the elaboration of current scientific theories, a parallel was drawn between concepts of pre-Socratic Philosophy and current modern theories. Thus, throughout this essay, the convergences between some elaborations developed by philosophers and their reinterpretation from a scientific point of view, supported by the scientific method and the present technological apparatuses, were exposed. In this sense, having as its core the reflection about the atomic theory of Leucippus and Democritus, we investigate (...) the way in which atomism dialogues with the modern Atomic Theory to the Quantum Theory, through concepts of Kosmos and Cosmology. In a second moment, origin of life theories were revisited from the pre-Socratic concepts of Psykhe. Finally, Philosophy and Science are brought together as possible and complementary tools for the restoration of the amplification of thought and investigative processes. (shrink)

We present a reading of the traditional syllogistics in a fragment of the propositional intuitionistic multiplicative linear logic and prove that with respect to a diagrammatic logical calculus that we introduced in a previous paper, a syllogism is provable in such a fragment if and only if it is diagrammatically provable. We extend this result to syllogistics with complemented terms à la De Morgan, with respect to a suitable extension of the diagrammatic reasoning system for the traditional case and a (...) corresponding reading of such De Morgan style syllogistics in the previously referred to fragment of linear logic. (shrink)

De spatio, ac tempore -- De spatio, et tempore, ut a nobis cognoscuntur -- De motu absoluto, an possit a relativo distingui -- De vi inertiae.

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

In diesem Beitrag wird dem Zeitbezug von pädagogischen Konzeptionen des guten Lebens – im Spannungsfeld von Individualität und Sozialität, Pädagogik und Politik, Bestimmtheit und Unbestimmtheit – exemplarisch anhand pädagogischer Programmatiken einerseits und philosophischer Referenzen andererseits nachgegangen. Diese pädagogischen Deutungen und damit die Pädagogisierung des,guten‘ oder,richtigen‘ Lebens werden in einer bildungsphilosophischen Sichtweise und unter Bezug auf ihre deutschsprachigen Vertreter*innen einer eingehenden Betrachtung unterzogen: So scheint die Pädagogik in Theorie und Praxis einerseits auf eine klare normative Zielperspektive im Sinne einer Vorstellung vom (...) guten menschlichen Leben angewiesen zu sein, die auch für die Zukunft Geltung beanspruchen kann. Anderseits scheint die Offenheit der Zukunft, von der aus sich die Notwendigkeit einer Pädagogik allererst rechtfertigen lässt, in diesem Prozess bedacht und bewahrt werden zu müssen, um Heranwachsenden eine eigenverantwortliche Gestaltung ihrer Welt in Relation zu anderen zu ermöglichen. Letzteres scheint nun aber gerade gegen eine Überformung pädagogischer Kerngedanken durch gegenwartsbezogene starre Vorstellungen eines guten Lebens zu sprechen. Mit dem Aufzeigen dieses Dilemmas und der Analyse verschiedener Lösungsansätze vor dem aktuellen Hintergrund der Ungewissheit gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse möchte der Text einen allgemeinpädagogischen Beitrag zur philosophischen Diskussion um das (kollektiv) gute Leben leisten. (shrink)

Résumé — Cet article se propose de fournir une contribution au débat interprétatif sur le principe de la limitation de l’acte par la puissance dans la démonstration de l’infinité de Dieu de la Summa theologiae de Thomas d’Aquin à travers une enquête à caractère historique qui expose quelques-unes des étapes capitales de l’histoire de cette preuve. Le désaccord qui divise les interprètes contemporains à propos du rôle joué par le principe susdit hérite, en réalité, d’une opposition séculaire parmi les commentateurs (...) de Thomas qui remonte à la discussion qui suivit l’intervention de Tommaso de Vio et de Francesco Silvestri. D’autre part, l’incontestable présence chez certains commentateurs classiques de Thomas, Jean de Saint-Thomas in primis, d’une position qui sépare la preuve de la Summa du principe de la limitation de l’acte par la puissance réceptive, loin d’exprimer une orthodoxie par rapport à la tradition la plus ancienne, constitue un renversement par rapport à la lecture de Cajetan et de Silvestre de Ferrare, qui s’était affirmée comme l’interprétation canonique du texte de Thomas.— Questo articolo si propone di fornire un contributo al dibattito interpretativo sul principio della limitazione dell’atto attraverso la potenza nella dimostrazione dell’infinità di Dio nella Summa theologiae di Tommaso d’Aquino attraverso un’indagine di carattere storico che espone alcune delle tappe capitali della storia di questa prova. Il disaccordo che divide gli interpreti contemporanei sul ruolo giocato dal principio suddetto eredita, in realtà, un’opposizione secolare fra i commentatori di Tommaso che risale alla discussione che seguî gli interventi di Tommaso de Vio e di Francescio Silvestri. D’altra parte, la presenza, incontestabile, in alcuni commentatori classici di Tommaso, primo fra tutti Giovanni di san Tommaso, di una posizione che separa la prova della Summa dal principio della limitazione dell’atto attraverso la potenza recettiva, lungi dal configurarsi nei termini di una posizione ortodossa rispetto alla tradizione più antica, costituisce un ribaltamento della lettura di Cajetano e di Silvestro da Ferrare, che si era affermata come l’interpretazione canonica del testo di Tommaso. (shrink)

L’Epistola ad V. C. de Henry More ( Epistola H. Mori ad V.C. quae Apologiam complectitur pro Cartesio, quaeque introductionis loco esse poterit ad universam philosophiam cartesianam ), publiée plusieurs fois du vivant de More, a toujours été lue, par les commentateurs, essentiellement comme une étape, tout à fait centrale, dans l’histoire des relations de More à Descartes. C’est une thèse interprétative que je partage, mais à laquelle je voudrais essayer d’ajouter une perspective de lecture. Je voudrais montrer que l’Epistola, (...) si elle est considérée dans toutes les étapes de son histoire éditoriale, peut être lue, davantage que comme une étape, quoique capitale, comme un condensé de l’histoire du changement d’attitude de More par rapport à Descartes. En effet, l’histoire des péripéties éditoriales qui la caractérisent reproduit à petite échelle l’histoire complexe du rapport de More à la philosophie cartésienne et, en même temps, permet de mieux l’éclairer. (shrink)

Cet article se propose de retracer quelques étapes essentielles du grand débat du thomisme des xvi e et xvii e siècles sur la question de la distinction entre essence et suppôt chez Thomas d’Aquin et, notamment, sur le problème de la conciliation entre l’enseignement de l’article 3 de la quaestio III de la Prima Pars de la Summa theologiae et la doctrine du Quodlibet II. Le but est de reconstruire un moment crucial de l’histoire du thomisme et, en même temps, (...) de montrer la contribution possible que son étude peut apporter aux lectures contemporaines, qui doivent plus qu’elles ne le croient ou ne le reconnaissent à la tradition thomiste. (shrink)

El presente artículo desea reflexionar, por un lado, sobre la necesidad de una formación integral de los agentes sanitarios, que contemple la dimensión espiritual; y, por otro lado, sobre la necesidad de una mejor preparación de los agentes religiosos que trabajan en hospitales y centros de salud, para que en sus intereses y preocupaciones por los enfermos, se eviten las dicotomías en nombre de la fe o en nombre de la razón. La promoción del diálogo entre razón y fe reduce (...) la distancia entre las ciencias y evita el divorcio entre la praxis de la fe y la praxis de la ciencia, revelando que, a pesar de ser distintas por sus grados de certeza, pueden estar próximas por el objeto: la búsqueda de la verdad que libera al ser humano de todas las formas de injusticia y opresión, generadoras de malestar y enfermedades sicosomáticas. This paper intends to reflect, on one hand, the need for an integral education of healthcare agents, that addresses the spiritual dimension; and, on the other hand, the need for a better preparation of religious agents that work in hopitals and health centers, so that, in the interest and concern for sick people, dichotomies in the name of faith or in the name of reason are prevented. The promotion of dialogue between reason and faith shortens the distance between sciences and avoids a divorce between praxis of faith and praxis of science, showing that, despite the different degrees of certainty, may be close by the object: the search for the truth that liberates human beings of all forms of injustice and oppression, disease generators and psychosomatic illnesses. (shrink)

Cet article propose de lire la séquence de AT VII 27, l. 18 à AT VII 29, l. 18 (B Op I 716-718) de la Méditation II de Descartes comme une description de nature « phénoménologique » que le méditant fait de ses actes mentaux, afin de redéfinir la sensibilité et l’imagination. Ceci ne conduit pas simplement à leur inclusion dans la res cogitans (à titre de cogitationes), mais à une resignification qui permet leur unification et, en même temps, leur (...) distinction sous la cogitatio ; ou autrement dit, ce qui permet de les distinguer l’une de l’autre et toutes les deux de l’intellection. (shrink)

Claude Clerselier leitor da dúvida de René Descartes Resumo: Claude Clerselier foi amigo, correspondente, tradutor e editor de René Descartes, de quem publicou os três volumes da correspondência (Cartas do senhor Descartes), O homem e O mundo. Sua atividade de editor e tradutor foi sempre animada por um duplo desígnio : divulgar a filosofia de Descartes, construindo e veiculando, entretanto, a imagem mais ortodoxa possível do filósofo. Essa imagem de Cleserlier « vulgarizador » da filosofia de Descartes, que sempre o (...) fez o fiel discípulo que se esforça para não se distanciar do mestre cujos méritos celebra, merece em nossa opinião um aprofundamento. Uma análise atenta do Prefácio a’O homem mostra incontestavelmente que Clerselier não se limita a difundir e defender a filosofia cartesiana, mas também que dela é um intérprete escrupuloso. A passagem desse Prefácio no qual Clerserlier discute certos temas, centrais, da metafísica cartesiana, nos parece, com efeito, sugerir uma abordagem completamente diferente daquela de seu mestre. Palavras-chave: Descartes; Clerserlier; Correspondência; O homem; O mundo. Claude Clerselier, reader of the doubt of René Descartes Abstract: Claude Clerselier was a friend, correspondent, translator, and editor of René Descartes. He published three volumes of correspondence of Descartes (The Correspondence of René Descartes), Treatise of Man, and The World. His activity as editor and translator was always inspired by a dual purpose: disseminate the philosophy of Descartes, though through building and conveying the most orthodox image possible of the philosopher. This image of Clerselier as “popularizer” of Descartes’ philosophy, that always portrayed him as the faithful disciple who strives to never distance himself from the master whose merits he honors, is, in our opinion, worthy of deeper analysis. Close attention to the Preface of the Treatise of Man undeniably shows that Clerselier did not limit himself to disseminating and defending Cartesian philosophy but that he is also its scrupulous interpreter. The passage of this Preface in which Clerselier discusses determined themes central to Cartesian metaphysics effectively appears to suggest a completely different approach to that of his master. Keywords: Descartes; Clerselier; Correspondence; Treatise of Man; The World. Claude Clerselier lecteur du doute de René Descartes Résumé: Claude Clerselier fut ami, correspondant, traducteur et éditeur de René Descartes, dont il publia les trois volumes de la correspondance (Lettres de Monsieur Descartes), l’Homme et le Monde. Son activité d’éditeur et traducteur fut toujours animée d’un double dessein : divulguer la philosophie de Descartes tout en construisant et véhiculant, du philosophe, l’image la plus orthodoxe possible. Cette image de Clerselier ‘vulgarisateur’ de la philosophie de Descartes, qui a toujours fait de Clerselier le fidèle disciple qui se garde de s’éloigner de la doctrine du maître dont il célèbre les mérites, mérite à notre avis d’un approfondissement. Une analyse attentive de la Préface à l’Homme montre incontestablement que Clerselier ne se limite pas à diffuser et à défendre la philosophie cartésienne mais qu’il en est aussi un interprète scrupuleux. Le passage de cette Préface dans lequel Clerselier discute certains thèmes, centraux, de la métaphysique cartésienne, nous semble en effet suggérer une approche complètement différente de celle de son maître. Mots-clé: Descartes; Clerserlier; Correspondance; L'homme; Le Monde. (shrink)

A questão sobre o homem e a II Meditação Resumo: Neste artigo, analiso a noção pré-filosófica de “homem” discutida por Descartes na Segunda Meditação. Apesar da atenção dirigida a esse tópico pelos contemporâneos de Descartes, em particular Bourdin, os pesquisadores não se demoram sobre tal questão. Argumentarei nas páginas seguintes que a análise da noção pré-filosófica de homem, por parte de Descartes, constitui um caso paradigmático do procedimento seguido na Segunda Meditação para encontrar a distinção. Esse procedimento consiste, de fato, (...) em um movimento que, retomando uma noção pré-filosófica, encontra, através da atenção e, por conseguinte, da clareza, a distinção: concentrando a atenção na noção pré-filosófica de homem em que “descobre” a cogitatio, o meditador torna tal noção clara; depois, a separa das determinações às quais está unida, tornando-a distinta. Palavras-chave: Descartes; Meditações; Homem; Clareza e distinção. La domanda sul l’uomo e la II Meditazione Riassunto: In questo articolo analizzo la nozione pre-filosofica di ‘uomo discussa da Descartes nella Seconda Meditazione. A dispetto dell’attenzione rivolta su questo punto dai contemporanei di Descartes, in particolare Bourdin, gli studiosi non si sono particolarmente soffermati su tale questione. Argomenterò nelle pagine seguenti che l’analisi, da parte di Descartes, della nozione pre-filosofica di uomo costituisce un caso paradigmaico della procedura seguita nella seconda Meditazione per giungere alla distinzione. Questa procedura consiste, infatti, in un movimento che, regredendo da una nozione pre-filosofica, giunge, attraverso l’attenzione e, quindi, la chiarezza, alla distinzione: dentro la nozione pre-filosofica di uomo in cui il meditante ‘scopre’ la cogitatio, egli sofferma l’attenzione rendendo tale nozione chiara, poi la separa dalle determinazioni cui è unita nella medesima nozione rendendola distinta. Parole-chiave: Descartes; Meditações; Homem; Clareza e distinção. The question about man and II Meditation Abstract: In this paper I will focus on the pre-philosophical notion of ‘man’ discussed by Descartes in the Second Meditation. In spite of the attention addressed on this very point by Descartes’s contemporaries, especially by Bourdin, scholars have not much dealt with this topic. In what follows, I will argue that Descartes’s analysis of the pre-philosophical notion of ‘man’ constitutes a paradigmatic case of the procedure followed in the Second Meditation in order to attain distinction. This procedure consists in a movement by which the meditator, by regressing from a pre-philosophical notion, obtains clearness through attention, and therefore distinctness through clearness: by focusing his attention on the pre-philosophical notion of ‘man’, in which he discovers the ‘cogitatio’, the meditator makes such a notion clear; then, by internal means of separation, he makes this notion distinct as well. Keywords: Descartes; Meditações; Homem; Clareza e distinção. (shrink)

In this article I argue that although the prevailing interpretation within the Thomistic contemporary critical literature, claiming the inaccessibility of God’s quid sit, is faithful both to Saint Thomas and to John Capreolus’s account of Aquinas’s doctrine, it is far from being uncontroversial in the first steps of the history of Thomism. A central step in this history is marked by the Parisian Condemnation of 1277, which is at the origin of relevant debate within the Dominican Order on the question (...) of the knowledge of God’s quid sit. Aquinas’s contemporaries, indeed, interpreted the condemnation of Proposition 214 as a measure taken against Saint Thomas’s negative theology, as confirmed by John Capreolus’s testimony. Capreolus defends Aquinas, claiming that Saint Thomas’s doctrine is not a radical negative theology; in spite of this, he maintains that we cannot know God’s quiddity. In the following history of the debate, however, two influential representatives of the Dominican Order, Tommaso de Vio and Francesco Silvestri will affirm the accessibility of God’s quid sit, restoring an old doctrine by Durand of Saint Pourçain and Hervé of Nédellec. (shrink)

Der interdisziplinär angelegte Band hat zum Ziel, das Thema der Mystik aus literatur-wissenschaftlicher, philosophisch-interkultureller und theologisch-interreligiöser Perspektive zu beleuchten. Dabei geht es insbesondere um eine epochenübergreifende Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Mystik und Literatur vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart. Innerhalb dieses weitgespannten Bogens soll der systematische Perspektiven eröffnenden Begegnung zwischen Literaturwissenschaft, Theologie und Philosophie besonderes Gewicht zukommen.

Pretende-se, com este estudo, promover uma reflexão filosófico-crítica a respeito da liberação de pesquisa em saúde no Brasil com pessoas hígidas, de acordo com a proposta de alteração da Resolução 196/1996, que foi aprovada pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde, através da Resolução 466, de dezembro 2012. Tal resolução admite a possibilidade de ganhos financeiros, ou seja, pagamento aos voluntários sadios para participarem de “pesquisas clínicas de Fase I ou de bioequivalência”, conforme se lê no item II.10 da CNS-466/2012. Faremos uso (...) de Teorias Críticas Latino-Americanas no sentido de discutir um viés, em específico, a do discurso científico, a do logos, sobre a relação da vida humana, da bíos, do convite à voluntariedade e da contribuição do voluntariado nos avanços tecnológicos na área da saúde. Igualmente, analisam-se outras questões referentes à pessoa humana, sendo: relação do participante, recrutado, não paciente; princípio da dignidade humana e sua compatibilidade com pesquisas que envolvam seres humanos; olhar decolonial sobre os possíveis discursos dos centros, cuja parte do objeto de estudo é o recrutado, o participante sadio, que não é do centro, mas é o outro, na maioria das vezes, o necessitado economicamente. Palavras-chave: Educação. Ética. Pesquisa. Decolonialidade. (shrink)

Although the few references to the term, Nietzsche's notion of perspectivism is an important assumption of his philosophical reflection. It is a notion, as it will be tried to demonstrate, significant for the understanding of many theoretical positions of the author concerning science and knowledge and decisively for the interpretation of both notions as interpretative perspectives The following argument aims to analyze the influences and assumptions of this notion, highlighting its Kantian (Neokantian), Schopenhaurian background, but also considering influences outside of (...) philosophy, such as Ruggero Boscovich's theoretical physics, which plays a decisive role in the formulation of the notions of perspectivism and perspectivist interpretation in Nietzsche's philosophy. (shrink)

Playing fields are “spaces where the communitas suspends its everyday life and structures” and “The internal logic of sporting games is connected to values from the social context”, Playing fields: Power, practice, and passion in sport, 127–144. Reno: University of Nevada Press). But what about the space in between? What kind of semiotics organisation can be detected in the membrane between player and liminal space where spectators are not allowed yet specific characters needed to carry out an event? We can (...) therefore identify a liminality that can be connected either to the controlled or the wild playing field and depending on which of the two is the case can be analysed according to the degree of regulated system of signs which they produce. This implies different pathways and rituals: as matches are played, a variety of bodily activities may be taking place concurrently. Furthermore, it is inevitable that these activities attract the attention of the audience or alternately lead a player to interact with a non-player. In this article, I will first try to identify certain semiotics features, especially connected to Eco’s Peircian concept of Encyclopedia, that characterize the status of liminal space around the playing field. Then I will focus on liminality in soccer, investigating what kinds of interaction exist outside the playing area. (shrink)

This volume examines Diderot's and d'Holbach's views on determinism to illuminate some of the most important debates taking place in eighteenth-century Europe. It problematises their atheism by showing their philosophy to be deeply rooted in the Christian tradition and provides a more nuanced and historicised interpretation of the so-called 'Radical Enlightenment', challenging the notions that this movement can be taken to be a perfectly coherent set of ideas and that it represents a complete break with 'the old'.

A diagrammatic logical calculus for the syllogistic reasoning is introduced and discussed. We prove that a syllogism is valid if and only if it is provable in the calculus.